Hakim El Karoui, Senior Fellow at Institut Montaigne and author for Institut Montaigne of the report The Islamist Factory, and Bruno Tertrais, Deputy Director of the Foundation for Strategic Research and author for Institut Montaigne of the note The Demographic Challenge: Myths and Realities, discussed the new demographic dynamics between Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The evolution of the Arab-Muslim world and of Islam in Europe, immigration from sub-Saharan Africa to the Old Continent and the debates fostered by these dynamics were the key elements structuring their discussion.
Demography: a structuring factor in the evolution of the Arab-Muslim world and of Islam in Europe
Bruno Tertrais
Demography is a key factor in the analysis of the evolution of the Arab-Muslim world and, to a certain extent, of the Islamist question. For example, the Arab Springs can be partly understood as a consequence of the "demographic modernization" of most countries impacted by these movements. It is also worth considering the link between the recent rise in fertility rates in some countries in the region, such as Algeria and Egypt, and the renewal of religious practices.
Hakim El Karoui
While the rise in Algeria's fertility rate may be associated with the end of the 1990s war, it can also be linked to the influence of the Islamist ideology on a segment of the population. This influence is present in other countries, such as Egypt.
The transformation of Islamism from a simple political theory created in the 1920s to a mass political phenomenon in the 1980s is directly linked to the demographic issue. Islamism can be interpreted as men’s response to the emancipation of women in the Arab-Muslim world, which was notably reflected in the decline in fertility rates and the increase in educational levels. This emancipation began in the late 1970s and 1980s, depending on the country.
In Europe, and according to Institut Montaigne's report on Islam in France published in 2016, demography is essential because it allows us to assert to those who threaten us that the continent will not be no Islamized. There is no movement of conversion to the Muslim faith. For instance, there are twice as many exits as entrants into the Muslim religion in France. The spread of Islam in Europe is therefore solely based on the immigration of Muslim populations. According to the Pew Research Center’s predictions, the rate of Muslims in Europe will not exceed 11.2% by 2050, compared to 4.9% today.
Immigration from sub-Saharan Africa: a challenge for Europe and the Maghreb
Bruno Tertrais
Stephen Smith, in La Ruée vers l’Europe (The Rush to Europe), managed to tackle the debate on African immigration in Europe in a dispassionate way. François Héran recently replied to him in an analysis published by the National Institute for Demographic Studies. His response is just as dispassionate and rational - this type of debate can only be celebrated. However, it seems to me that François Héran's analysis focuses too much on current demographic dynamics and does not sufficiently look into the future. Indeed, while he rightly points out that African immigration is now predominantly intracontinental, he does not sufficiently detail the evolution of these trends: more migrations, and, above all, more extracontinental emigration, including to Europe. For his part, Stephen Smith seems to overemphasize the latter trend, as he predicts that 20% to 25% of the European population could directly be of African origin within a few decades - which is taking the argument to the extreme.
Annual transcontinental migration from sub-Saharan Africa now only represents between 0.07% and 0.1% of the total African population. Scenarios of "submersion" are therefore irrational.
Smith characterizes Africa as "Europe's Mexico", and thus predicts flows similar to the South-North flows of the 20th century on the North American continent. He is right to point out that, as in the case of Mexico, a country's development is what drives emigration, contrary to what is often assumed. Yet this comparison seems somewhat over the top. First, the Sahara and the Mediterranean will always be more difficult to cross than the Rio Grande or the Sonoran Desert. Then, assuming Europe does have a "Mexico", it would rather be Maghreb, and structural emigration from this region has "already taken place". African emigration will first and foremost be... a problem for Maghreb.
Hakim El Karoui
Indeed, Maghreb countries neither have the legal framework nor the economic model required to mutate from immigration countries to host countries. In fact, they don’t even aim to undergo such a transformation. The region still lacks the political maturity to turn African immigration and its management into a political tool against Europe, as Turkey is doing with Middle Eastern refugees, for instance.
Moreover, identity debates already taking place in Maghreb societies would most probably toughen in the event of a massive influx of migrants. The anti-racist culture does not exist in Maghreb countries. The concepts of "racial mix" and "host country" are not widespread there. In fact, nationality is rarely granted to people of immigrant background, who are often treated as second-class individuals, especially when they come from sub-Saharan Africa.
Europe must therefore not rely on Maghreb countries to limit African immigration to the Old Continent. However, as Bruno emphasized, the European consensus according to which economic development aid will curb African immigration has since been strongly challenged by Stephen Smith. Indeed, he demonstrated that the growth in GDP per capita in a given country encourages the emigration of that country's middle classes: economic development could thus on the contrary lead to an increase in African immigration to Europe.
Bruno Tertrais
The argument according to which Africa's development will lead to a decline in African emigration is a widely shared illusion, particularly in Europe. The question for Europeans is not whether to help the African continent or not, but rather to ensure that their investments are effective and well-targeted. For example, they can help create business models that are attractive to those who are now tempted to engage in the unfortunately very lucrative business of migrant smuggling. These are the kind of policies that will help to regulate African immigration towards Europe.
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